Name der Zeitschrift: Kant-Studien Jahrgang: 108 Heft: 3 Seiten: 401-426.

The American Society for Bioethics and Humanities is to be congratulated on its updating of competency standards for ethics consultations (Tarzian and ASBH Core Competencies Update Task Force 2013)...

This book studies geoethics in Latin America and offers comprehensive research on geoethics and geoeducation. Its respective chapters explore geoethics in relation to UNESCO geoparks, mining activities in Latin America, natural hazards and risk management. Geoethics is a key discipline in the field of Earth and Planetary Sciences, and not only includes scientific, technological, methodological and social-cultural aspects, but also addresses the need to consider appropriate protocols, scientific integrity issues and a code of good practice when studying the abiotic world. (...) The position of Latin America’s recently created geoethics associations is based on protection of the environment, together with a reassurance that the balance of nature and the rights of human beings to enjoy it will be preserved. (shrink)

RESUMEN Largamente desatendida o malinterpretada, la noción de caos en la filosofía de Nietzsche es una pieza constitutiva de la particular concepción del ser que este autor habría dejado apenas esbozada. El artículo se propone elaborar este concepto en la obra nietzscheana, siguiendo algunas de las metáforas que lo iluminan. Desde allí se busca plantear los rasgos centrales de una ontologia del caos, de sesgo no metafísico, que, al afirmar el carácter acontecimental de la realidad, puede verse como precursora de (...) la ontología hermenéutica contemporánea. ABSTRACT The notion of chaos, which has long been neglected or misinterpreted, is a constitutive element of a peculiar conception of being that the philosopher only had time to outline. The objective of this article is to elaborate on this concept in Nietzschean philosophy, guided by some of the metaphors that shed light on it. This serves as the basis to set forth the main characteristics of a non-metaphysical ontology of chaos that asserts the eventful nature of reality and can thus be seen as a precursor of contemporary hermeneutic ontology. (shrink)

Se busca rastrear la imagen que Platón tiene de Heráclito y articularla con la estructura argumentativa del Cratilo, para comprender las necesidades textuales a las que responde la doctrina del flujo perpetuo, es decir, la discusión sobre la corrección (ὀρθότης) del nombre. Gracias a la inclusión del testimonio heraclíteo, resulta posible rastrear la presunta consolidación de la tesis sobre los nombres primarios y los secundarios como el eje de la separación entre dos planos de realidad (uno estable y uno móvil) (...) y de la teoría de las Ideas -es decir, como la base de la epistemología platónica presente en los diálogos de madurez-. The article seeks to trace the image Plato has of Heraclitus and connect it with the argumentative structure of the Cratylus in order to understand the textual needs that give rise to the doctrine of perpetual flux, that is, the discussion regarding the correctness (ὀρθότης) of names. The inclusion of Heraclitus's testimony makes it possible to trace the alleged consolidation of the thesis regarding primary and secondary names as the axis of separation between two levels of reality (one stable, the other, changing) and the theory of Ideas -that is, as the basis of Plato's epistemology as set forth in the late dialogues-. (shrink)

The existence of shoulder abduction (SA) and finger extension (FE) movement capacity shortly after stroke onset is an important prognostic factor, indicating favorable functional outcome for the hemiparetic upper limb. Here we asked whether variation in lesion topography affects these two movements in a similar or a distinct way, and whether lesion impact is similar or distinct for left and right hemisphere damage. SA and FE movements were examined in 77 chronic post-stroke patients using relevant items of the Fugl-Meyer test. (...) Lesion effects were analyzed separately for left and right hemispheric damage (LHD, RHD) patient groups using voxel-based lesion-symptom mapping. In the LHD group, SA and FE were affected only by damage to the cortico-spinal tract in its passage through the corona radiata. In contrast, following RHD, these two movements were affected not only by cortico-spinal tract damage but also by damage to white matter association tracts, the putamen and the insular cortex. In both groups, voxel clusters have been found where damage affected SA and also FE, along with voxels where damage affected only one of the two movements. The capacity to execute SA and FE movements following stroke is affected significantly by damage to shared and distinct voxels in the cortico-spinal tract in LHD patients and by damage to shared and distinct voxels in a larger array of cortical and subcortical regions in RHD patients. (shrink)

Children learn and come to know things about the world at a very young age through the testimony of their caregivers. The challenge comes in explaining how children acquire such knowledge. Since children indiscriminately receive testimony, their testimony-based beliefs seem unreliable, and, consequently, should fail to qualify as knowledge. In this paper I discuss some attempted explanations by Sandy Goldberg and John Greco and argue that they fail. I go on to suggest that what generates the problem is a hidden (...) assumption that the standards for testimonial knowledge are invariant between children and cognitively mature adults. I propose that in order to adequately explain how children acquire testimonial knowledge we should reject this hidden assumption. I then argue that understanding knowledge in terms of intellectual skills gives us a plausible framework to do so. (shrink)

RESUMENEn este artículo trata de dos explicaciones de la asimetría del tiempo. En primer lugar, resumo el problema de explicar tal asimetría en términos de procesos termodinámicos, discuto dos intentos de solucionar este problema, y defiendo que, no obstante, no todos los procesos irreversibles han de ser considerados termodinámicos. En segundo lugar, rechazo que la asimetría del tiempo sea simple producto de nuestra condición de agentes intencionales. Finalmente concluyo que la explicación de la asimetría del tiempo que se basa en (...) la multitud y diversidad de los procesos naturales irreversibles sigue siendo una buena explicación.PALABRAS CLAVEPROCESOS IRREVERSIBLES, ENTROPÍA, FLECHAS DEL TIEMPO, CAUSALIDADABSTRACTIn the present work I deal with two accounts of the asymmetry of time. Firstly, I summarize the problem of explaining this asymmetry in terms of thermodynamic processes, discuss two approaches proposed to solve this problem, and defend that, nevertheless, not all irreversible processes have to be conceived as thermodynamic ones. Secondly, I reject the notion that the asymmetry of time is a mere product of our condition as intentional agents in the world. Finally, I conclude that the explanation for the asymmetry of time based on the existence of many and diverse irreversible natural processes is still a good explanation.KEY WORDSIRREVERSIBLE PROCESSES, ENTROPY, TIME ARROWS, CAUSALITY. (shrink)

Philosophers interested in conceptual engineering take it for granted that the same concept can unproblematically play diverse functions, but this view overlooks the fact that conceptual and functional change often impair concepts and even functions themselves. I demonstrate that while conceptual and functional engineering may improve concepts and functions, they can also produce detrimental effects. Therefore, it is crucial to carefully assess the potential benefits or problems before making any modifications. Frequently, we overlook the fact that, for instance, adding extra (...) functions to our concepts modifies them; this may increase, but also impair, their theoretical and practical efficacy. I analyze and clarify these possibilities through a general classificatory framework encompassing concepts, functions, and conceptual and functional change. The larger aim of this paper is to bring attention to these complex and under-researched relationships and pave the way for further research in this area. (shrink)

Conceptual analysis has been typically recognized as a traditional methodology within analytic philosophy, but many philosophers have heavily criticized it. In contrast, the methodology of Carnapian explication has been undergoing a revival as a methodological alternative due to its revisionary aim. I will make explicit the shared structural properties and goals of Carnapian explication and the kind of conceptual analysis advanced by the advocates of the Canberra Plan. Also, I will argue that although their goal to make philosophy more scientific (...) is desirable, they cannot achieve their goal of clearly distinguishing philosophy from science. Moreover, since traditional conceptual analysis is an element of both revisionary methodologies, it is also unable to mark a clear distinction between them. The comparison throws some light on the relationship between traditional conceptual analysis and the two revisionary methodologies, their implicit theoretical commitments and deficiencies. (shrink)

En los diversos ensayos que Borges dedica a asuntos filosóficos son frecuentes los que se refieren a la filosofía del tiempo. Aunque el acercamiento de Borges a la filosofía responde por lo general a un interés literario, al tratar del tiempo defiende opiniones interesantes, presentes en el actual debate sobre esta materia. En este artículo he recogido textos dispersos de Borges sobre el tiempo y los he articulado en torno a tres temas: la crítica del tiempo circular y del tiempo (...) rectilíneo; la metáfora del río del tiempo; y los conceptos de pasado, presente y futuro. Es interesante destacar en estos textos la crítica de Borges a la confusión entre idealización y realidad; su idea del tiempo como sucesión de hechos; su cercanía a una concepción relacional, no sustantiva, del tiempo; y sus advertencias sobre los peligros de identificar al tiempo como una cuarta dimensión del espacio. (shrink)

This thesis studies the way in which economists have sought to establish the scientific authority of their discipline during the period before and after World War II in the United States. The research shows how the quest for scientific authority by economists gave rise to new concepts and notions, instruments of control, and calculation methods. Such developments contributed material and symbolic advantages to the discipline in the academic world and the broader academic sphere. By establishing itself as a type of (...) knowledge which is at once abstract, technical and empirical, economics consolidated as a discipline capable of producing universal knowledge, of articulating the academic world and the practical sphere, and of establishing its qualifications as an applied domain for policy-making. The analysis focuses on three of the institutions at the pinnacle of the discipline in the American academic world: the Cowles Commission, the Economics department of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and the Economics department of the University of Chicago. By studying the standardization of the PhD program in economics, this research also studies the process of reaching a consensus within the discipline as related to the quest for the special status of 'science'. Rooted in the social history of science, this study contributes to the analysis of standards which influence today’s research, teaching, and professional activity of economists. (shrink)

In a 1793 essay, J. Ch. Schwab claimed that Kant's distinction between analytic and synthetic judgments was already known to the Megarian philosopher Stilpo. Schwab's essay was criticised as early as 1794 by J. F. Ch. Gräffe. In a 1789 essay, J. A. Eberhard had also denied the originality of Kant's division of judgments and made certain indications suggesting that Aristotle was aware of the distinction. In this paper, I propose a fresh examination of why Schwab is wrong to attribute (...) knowledge of Kant's division of judgments to Stilpo – a second look which, however, does not disregard Gräffe's contributions to the discussion. Second, I argue that, in a precise sense, Kant's division of judgments is indeed original, but that the analytic – synthetic distinction was nevertheless in a sense known to Aristotle. The assessment of these alleged precedents sheds light no only on the novelty of Kant's philosophical project but also on what may be called the "the paradox of the discovery of an evident philosophical distinction". (shrink)

En el esfuerzo por conciliar la tesis de que la oración, en tanto que culto interior y ritual de Dios, no es un deber religioso con el hecho de que Jesús ordenó y enseñó a rezar, Kant sostiene que el Padrenuestro es una oración que convierte en superflua toda oración, incluida ella misma. El análisis del sentido de esta afirmación, en apariencia parádojica, saca a la luz la tesis de Kant según la cual el Padrenuestro es una oración completamente moral (...) e invita a reconstruir, siguiendo las indicaciones del filósofo, el significado moral de las siete peticiones contenidas en la oratio Domini. El Padrenuestro así interpretado aparece como el compendio de lo que Kant entiende por religión dentro de los límites de la mera razón. (shrink)

The idea has been largely studied in its categorial aspect, but hardly in its metaphysical onto-theological constitution. This is, nevertheless, the point of González´s “Metaphysical relation between finite and infinite by Nicolaus of Cusa”. The basic assumptions are: 1) There is a disproportion between finite and infinite; 2) As a consequence of it, the relation between immanence and transcendence appears; 3) The operational relationship between finite and infinite is the creation, which is necessarily asymmetric. Besides, the Cusano´s vision of the (...) relation finite-infinite can be applied to the human being -holds up González, together with Polo-, and shows that human person is a relation to the origin. The notion of relation is analogous. But, whether the Cusano´s philosophy allows maintaining this thesis is dubious. (shrink)

Es sorprendente que, en la clasificación de todos los principios materiales de la moralidad propuesta por Kant en la Crítica de la Razón Práctica, no figure el célebre principio aristotélico de la mesótes. Esta omisión, que los estudiosos e historiadores de la ética no han explicado suficientemente, se basa en el rechazo radical de Kant a este principio, que expone de pasada en la Metafísica de las Costumbres y en las lecciones de ética. Según la crítica de Kant, el principio (...) de la μεσότης es o inútil o una mera tautología o una regla pragmática, y no moral. Pero, en verdad, las objeciones de Kant se fundan en una idea equivocada respecto de lo que realmente sostuvo Aristóteles. (shrink)

ABSTRACTImmigrant origin children and youth are now, and will continue to be, a diverse and demographically important segment of all post-industrial nations’ populations. In order to realize their potential, receiving contexts will need to find effective ways to integrate them into the fabric of their society. Using an ethic of care approach, we must begin by taking a comprehensive perspective on integration, which incorporates both a risk and resilience framework and an ecological perspective. A number of practices have emerged that (...) have promise for positive implications for the schooling performance and educational integration of immigrant students These practices include 1 – short-term newcomer programs; 2 – specialized services for Students with Interrupted Formal Education; 3 – sustained services focused on new language development; 4 – services focused on heritage language development; 5 – providing explicit college pathway knowledge; 6 – summer and after-school academic enrichment programs; 7 – facilitating parental involvement ; and 8 – advisory groups, after-school academic supports, mentoring and health services, and postsecondary supports. Providing the kinds of ecologies of care outlined here will go a long way toward helping these children and youth thrive and become the kinds of contributing members to their new society that will serve our collective future well. (shrink)

My objective in this paper is to demonstrate how conceptual analysis, with a little help from empirical evidence, can help us to coordinate the efforts of the two chief schools of anthropological thought, evolutionary anthropology and sociocultural anthropology, to understand human nature. The marked differences between these two branches of anthropology (especially in their sophisticated forms) tend to block cooperation, impede the consideration of each other’s arguments, and stall the progress of anthropological science. Conceptual analysis is a basic philosophical tool (...) that can help us resolve the differences between the two anthropological paradigms. Coordinating these branches of anthropology would facilitate a deeper understanding of human nature. In doing so, it can also help us resolve some of the theoretical and practical problems that anthropological science faces. (shrink)

Excelente iniciativa de publicar escritos éditos e inéditos de José Torres Orozco, uno de los últimos representantes del positivismo en México. Juan Hernández Luna presenta los aspectos biográficos del autor como su posición dentro del positivismo mexicano. Es de interés señalar que entre los escritos filosóficos hay varios dedicados a Nietzche. Entre los psicológicos, uno de 1922 se ocupa de Freud"--Handbook of Latin American Studies, v. 58.

This article is the result of a research that was carried out to obtain the degree of Master's Degree in Education in the postgraduate program of the Faculty of Education of the Popular University of Cesar and monographic work of the degrees in Mathematics and Computer Science and Mathematics and Physics of the same university. The main objective of this study was to analyze the influence of the family environment on the learning and academic performance of students in tenth grade (...) trigonometry from a public educational institution in the city of Valledupar. Applying a mixed method, the research employed a simultaneous integrated design, where quantitative and qualitative data were collected and analyzed at the same time. This approach allowed for a complete and nuanced understanding of the research questions, providing a holistic view by exploring family dynamics and environment and how these impact performance and understanding of trigonometry. As for the implications for educational practice, it is evident that there is a need to implement strategies that involve families in the teaching-learning process of trigonometry, since the data collected revealed a clear correlation between the level of parental participation in education and students' understanding of trigonometric concepts. In addition, the study found that a positive and supportive family environment contributed significantly to higher academic achievement in trigonometry. (shrink)

Most of this work is devoted to presenting aspects of proof theory that have developed out of Gentzen's work. Thus the them is "cut elimination" and transfinite induction over constructive ordinals. Smullyan's tableau systems will be used for the formalisms and some of the basic logical results as presented in Smullyan [1] will be assumed to be known (essentially only the classical completeness and consistency proofs for propositional and first order logic).

It is fundamental that, in philosophy, we make sure that we are not mistaking merely verbal disputes, or “conceptual” disputes, for substantive ones. This essay presents a tripartite framework that is useful for clarifying cases where it is difficult to tell whether we are engaged in substantive or non-substantive disputes. For this purpose, the essay offers some combinatorial possibilities between the following levels: verbal, conceptual, and objectual. We need to distinguish whether we are arguing about the world, concepts, or words (...) to avoid talking at cross-purposes and to recognize when our disputes are not worth the time. Distinguishing between these three levels can also throw light and guide research on conceptual engineering, metalinguistic negotiations, metaontology, and so on. (shrink)

In the past decade, the consumption of psilocybin mushrooms has become a popular therapeutic tool for people looking to deal with mental and emotional health issues. The emerging interest in psilocybin therapy in the global north has led to the development of retreat centers in locations where psilocybin is legal or unregulated. Drawing on ethnographic research at a psilocybin retreat center in Jamaica, this article examines the emotional and somatic reactions attributed to psilocybin that influence the social interactions and the (...) mental and emotional state of the guests at this retreat center. We argue that guests go through a symbolic healing process that involves the construction of a meaning response based on internal and collective experiences of altered consciousness via psilocybin. Additionally, we emphasize how both attending the retreat and the psychedelic experience there can be considered a liminal state that leads to different modes of relation while in Jamaica. (shrink)

En las siguientes páginas exponemos que la Nueva Atlántida de Bacon introduce el programa social de la ciencia moderna y no es una obra de carácter meramente literario o ficcional. Consideramos que esta obra es un programa de conocimiento-dominio de la naturaleza en el que se hace patente la dirección, destacadamente social y práctica, que la ciencia debía tomar a partir de las nuevas rutas del saber.

This paper examines ethical violations committed by Certified Public Accountants in Puerto Rico in the 2002–2010 period and the related disciplinary actions taken by the local regulatory bodies. The institutional settings for the accounting profession in PR are different from those of the United States. Ethical complaints are investigated by the PR Society of CPAs and evaluated based on the Code of Professional Conduct of the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants, although most CPAs in PR are not affiliated with (...) the AICPA. Our study is based on data provided by the PR Society of CPAs that is not publicly available. We examine the association between the occurrence of the ethical violations and certain variables such as gender, type of practice performed by the CPA, and whether the CPA participates in a peer review program. Results of a multiple correspondence analysis suggest that not being a member of the AICPA, practicing as a sole practitioner, and not participating in a peer review program seem to be more associated with the occurrences of ethical violations by CPAs. We compare our findings with prior research on ethical infractions committed by CPAs in the United States and find some differences attributable to the institutional settings in PR. Overall, our results suggest the importance of codes of conduct in the accounting profession and compliance with such ethical guidelines by practicing accountants. (shrink)

Tras la muerte de Ernesto “Che” Guevara (1967) y del giro antiintelectual impuesto por las autoridades políticas (1968), muchos intelectuales latinoamericanos le retiraron su apoyo a la Revolución Cubana. Julio Cortázar, en cambio, no sólo mantuvo su adhesión al proyecto socialista y reivindicó la libertad y la autonomía de los intelectuales, sino que, además, quiso ser el Guevara de las letras y propuso una poética para la política: el socialismo sólo podría ser —desde su perspectiva— si sabía ser poesía. Este (...) ensayo describe ese programa en base a una lectura crítica de su correspondencia y de su obra. (shrink)

En este artículo se analiza cómo se manifiestan el post-humanismo y el trans-humanismo en la obra de Borges. Se postula aquí que en la narrativa breve de Borges no sólo se manifiesta una reacción post-humanista contra el antropocentrismo imperante en la modernidad. También aparecen destellos poderosos de un trans-humanismo en virtud del cual se piensa en la inmortalidad y en la ampliación de las facultades cognitivas y espirituales de los seres humanos de un modo sumamente original porque excluye la necesidad (...) de los avances tecnológicos más sorprendentes. (shrink)

This paper has three aims. First, to show Kant’s originality in using the celebrated example of the hundred thalers as a criticism of the ontological proof, despite being inspired by a 1780 booklet by Johann Bering. Second, to assess Bering’s and Kant’s different reasons for supporting the truth meant to be illustrated by the case of the thalers. Third, to point out that the debate on the example demands a discussion of the problem of universals. Indeed, the value and scope (...) of Kant’s (and Bering’s) critique of the ontological argument is decisively determined by his position on this problem. (shrink)